The Term Comparative Advertising Marketing Essay

The Term relative ad Marketing EssayIn the liberalized Indian economy, as entry into fruit and services is no more(prenominal) a barrier, the thrust of argument has shifted to hostile and vigorous promotion of harvest-festivals and services. These practices raise gestures ab discover truthfulness and fairness of copy of yields and services. In a competitory environment, ein truth representation of a crossroad or service, is about what other(a)s ar non. In this sense, a study of organic evolution of integrity on proportional representation set up give us insights in the working of fairness and business in the liberalized- globoseised economy. The question is non be whether a consumer has adequate remedies and protection against much(prenominal) unfair grapple practices of a corporation save whether the warring corporations piddle away believe adequate law against unfair switch over practices, and a justice delivery system to of importtain some rules of the game for competing among themselves1.The term comparative degree degree advertise refers to each mold of advertising in which a change chicken feed giveer attempts to enjoy m unrivaledtary benefits from a coincidence between his result, service, or brand and that of a competitor. comparative claims whitethorn vary in nature. They may explicitly name a competitor or implicitly refer to him. They may each try the akin(predicate)ities or the differences between the harvest-times. They may withal state that the advertised product is better than or as good as the competitors2. In sound words comparative advertising is a form of advertising in which two or more brands of homogeneous generic products are compared in terms of virtuoso or more products or attributes. These advertizings are knowing to highlight the advantages of the goods and services offered by the advertiser as compared to those of a competitor. Although, comparative advertisement has non be en outlined in the Indian statute, the UK Regulations define it as an advertisement which explicitly or by implication, identifies a competitor or goods or services offered by a competitor 3.Comparative announce is in like manner mathematical functiond in semipolitical campaigns, where it generates more counterarguments and fewer citation derogations than negative political advertising does. This result may be repayable to the different styles of information processing that the two types of mental objects encourage. However, consumers exposed to negative political messages find them less useful for decision fashioning and get to more negative spatial relations towards political campaigns than do consumers exposed to political advertising.4A see of advertisements conducted in US reveals that at that place are three categories into which all advertisements precipitation51. Non comparative advertisements that do not refer to a competing product each directly or indirectly .2. Indirectly comparative advertisements that refers to a competing product in an indirect manner.3.Directly comparative advertisements in which a competing product is specifically named or recognizably presented.Advertising falling into the last two categories could be referred to as comparative advertising. while in some countries one or some(prenominal) kinds of comparative advertisements are allowed, some countries do not allow either of the two kinds. Accordingly, the well known tag line in the UK(which allows both forms of comparative advertising with certain restrictions) in the advertisements for Carlsberg lager beer-Probably the scoop up lager in the world, providenot be used in Germany(which does not allow comparative advertisement at all), as it would demand to an implication that all other lager are inferior to Carlsberg, at that placeby falling into the category of indirectly comparative advertisements.6Comparative advertising generally possesses two components, puffery and denigration. Puffery is where the advertiser seeks to draw the consumers assist by making superlative claims about his product that are trustions of opinion, kinda than verifiable statements of position. Often puffery crosses the limits of tolerance and seeks to portray the competing product in a negative light. The same is so said to amount to denigration, which the courts take for rigorously prohibited. Thus, the material question that often arises is to what close comparative advertising may be restricted. The answer lies in developing a fair perceptiveness of the conflicting interests of the various stakeholders involved, including the advertiser, the competitor and the consumer. The advertisers objective herein is to present his products in a manner such that the consumer is most likely to purchase it. On the other hand the competitor would always try to pr crimsont any advertising that aims at denigrating his product or makes false claims, or uses his pro duct as a standard which the advertiser claims to exceed. The hapless consumer finds himself in the midst of a cacophony of claims, and has the right to be accurately sure about the type or utility of the products available in the market.7statutory PROVISION IN INDIA-The onus of regulating advertising in India has been imitation by a wide array of governmental authorities and tribunals, but presently there exists no give statutory mechanism to order the dissemination of untruthful or disparaging material through such medium8. Primarily, matters related to untrue and misleading advertising were adjudicated upon by the Monopolies and limiting Trade Practices (MRTP) Commission, take shaped under the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969 (MRTP Act). The Act defined an unfair grapple practice under variance 36A to include any false representation of goods with regard to their quality, quantity or utility. The provision excessively incorporated the clause that a w arranty or guarantee of achievement or durpower of the product, if not adequately substantiated, would amount to an unfair trade practice9. Further, to advertise a false or misleading concomitant disparaging the goods, services or trade of other person to a fault was brought within the range of the same10. However, the MRTP Act was subsequently repealed by merit of section 66 of the Competition Act, 2002.The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Commission, with lengthiness to make up competition in the post-liberalised India, was describing a pillow slip before it as some other well-grounded battle between two multinational corporate giants making this Commission as a battlefield for the purpose11.The Trade label Act provides that a registered authentication is infringed by any advertising of that trade mark if such advertising takes unfair advantage and is contrary to naive practices in industrial or technical matters, is detrimental to its distinctive charact er, or is against the reputation of the trade mark12. naval division 30(1) of the same act provides an expulsion to the above rule stating that such advertisement would not amount to infraction if the use of such mark falls within purview of estimable practices. This implies that honest practices are mandatory for comparative advertising without which it would amount to trademark incursionIn the absence of an established statutory mechanism dedicated to the regulation of advertising, the industry itself has sought to develop a model for volunteer self-regulation in the form of the Advertising Standards Council of India (ASCI)13. The same is a non-statutory tribunal comprising an tie-in of advertisers established in 1985. The ASCI position on the form and manner of comparative advertising has been laid out in Chapter IV of the bodys Code for ego Regulation in Advertising14. It is give tongue to herein that advertisements containing equalitys with competing manufacturers and sellers are tolerable in the interests of vigorous competition and free dissemination of information, subject matter to the next requirements organismness satisfieda) It is piddle what aspects of the advertisers product are being compared with what aspects of the competitors product.(b) The subject matter of comparison is not chosen in such a way as to confer an artificial advantage upon the advertiser or so as to suggest that a better bargain is offered than is genuinely the case.(c) The comparisons are factual, accurate and capable of substantiation.(d) on that point is no likelihood of the consumer being misled as a result of the comparison, whether about the product advertised or that with which it is compared.(e) The advertisement does not unfairly denigrate, attack or discredit other products, advertisers or advertisements, directly or by implication.15COMPARATIVE ADVERTISEMENT AND stigmatise INFRINGMENTIn an era where the whole world is considered as one global villa ge, trademarks play an important role to roll in the hay the products of one business run from another. Trademark can be defined as a mark or symbol which distinguishes one product from other product of uniform nature16. Its aim is to line the source of a product and to distinguish that product from product of similar nature. It lends individuality to a product which helps the customers to identify the product placed with products of similar kinds. Trade mark not that identifies the product of its origin but it in addition guaranties its unchanged quality and promote helps to build a brand image by advertises the products. In a rat race to present their products as the best, companies adopt advertising techniques that make use of trademarks, trade names, and other trade symbols combining informational and persuasive elements. not precisely has the use of their own trademark gained popularity too the use of their counterparts trade mark is fast catching up. In Advertising and Public cheer17, Ralph Brown argues that trademarks by themselves were worthless to the public the publics interest inhered in the ability of trade symbol to inform and prevent confusion. He advance asserts that the legal protection surrounding trade mark should be driven by analysis of the degree to which advertising itself served public interest.The law on comparative advertising and product disparagement, in relation to trademarks, in India, is found upon the law as laid down in Irvings Yeast Vite Ltd v FA Horse-nail18. Section 29(8) of The Trademarks Act, 1999 enunciates situations, when the use of a trademark in advertising can pay infringement. It says that any advertising which is not in accordance with honest practices or is detrimental to the distinctive character, or to the think of the mark, shall be an act constituting infringement. At the same time Section 30 (1) makes comparative advertising an exception, to acts constituting infringement under Section 29. It p rovides that any advertising which is in accordance with honest practices, and does not cause detriment to the distinctive character or to the repute of the trademark get out be permissible and allow not constitute infringement.CONSTITUTIONAL VIEW-Article 19 (1) (a) of the establishment of India protects the right to freedom of oral communication and expression. It is very important for us to die condition 19 (1) (a) of the Constitution in relation to comparative advertising. The freedom of speech and expression overly has limitations but the same is restricted by imposing reasonable restrictions by the state under article 19 (2) of the Constitution19. Now the question is that whether the commercial speech can be protected under article 19 (1) (a) of the Constitution. In the case of Tata Press Ltd. vs Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd.20, the Supreme solicit held that commercial speech cannot be denied the protection of Article 19(1) (a) of the Constitution merely because the sam e is issued by businessmen. act took a very wide reading of the Article 19(1) (a) of the Constitution Supreme Court held that advertising as a commercial speech has two facets. Advertising which is no more than a commercial transaction is, nonetheless, dissemination of information regarding the product advertised. Public at large is benefited by the information made available through the advertisement. In a democratic economy, free flow of commercial information is indispensable. there cannot be honest and frugalal marketing by the public at large without being educated by the information disseminated through advertisements. The economic system in a democracy would be handicapped without there being freedom of commercial speech. Supreme Court also stated that the public at large has a right to receive the commercial speech. Article 19(1) (a) not only guarantees freedom of speech and expression it also protects the rights of an individual to listen, read, and receive the said spe ech. So the Supreme Court held that a party has a right to advertise its product making credit about its quality. Advertisement being a commercial speech which is a part of the freedom of speech is guaranteed under article 19(1). (a) of the Constitution and it can also be restricted under Article 19 (2) if it fulfils its elements.Court was of the view that publicity and advertisement of ones product with purpose of boosting sales is a legitimate marketing strategy. Court has laid down various principles in deciding about the extent of comparative advertisement.Comparative advertising essentialiness compare products meeting the same needs or intended for the same purpose.Comparative advertising should explicitly or implicitly make clear what comparison is made.A case of disparagement arises only if product in question is identifiable. Comparison with another or ordinary product that does not allude to particular brand, cannot give rise to disparagement.For disparagement, a direct reference to competitive brand is not necessary. Even an indirect referencing that can identify a particular brand may lead to a case of disparagement.Comparative advertising should not mislead consumers about competitors product with which comparison is made.A manufacturer is entitled to make exaggerations like his goods are the best, or in puffing manner compare his goods with competitors, and the same even if untrue, will not give a clause of action to other manufacturers of similar product, unless in doing so the manufacturer says that his competitors goods are bad, or disparages and defame them.This makes clear that freedom of speech and expression does not permit defamation and it would be a little far-fetched to say that an advertiser has the liberty to disparage the product of his competitor without any check, under the grab of freedom of speech. The irony remains, that although it is one thing to say that your product is better than that of a rival and it is another thing t o say that his product is inferior to your product, still while asseverate the latter, the hidden message may be the former, but that is inevitable in the case of a comparison. While comparing two products, the advertised product will, but naturally, have to be shown as better.21Comparative Advertising-Consumers PerspectiveComparative Advertising if seen in a consumer perspective it tells the difference between two goods in the market and tell the consumer why he should opt for the advertisers product.22 hotshot of the most powerful methods for advertising a product is to compare it with competitive offerings. Side-by-side or A-B comparisons can provide prospective customers with compelling reasons to subvert from the company. They can also help build credibility for its product. Subconsciously, the prospective customer says Who would gamble making a direct comparison if they didnt have something truly master key? Johnson and Johnson implant this out the hard way when Proctor and Gamble introduced utter with a direct comparison of the various features that were innovative in their product as opposed to Carefree without once naming Carefree directly.23The comparison of goods and services provides more information and thus educates consumers in taking a better decision. The advertisers in India generally compare the prices that cater to the status apostrophize of the maximum tribes as 30% of Indians live under the category of meat class which is the most growing consumer market and they are also benefitted with the comparative advertisements.From the research done in India and abroad regarding the consumer reactions to the comparative advertising, it is clear that it helps in informing customers on the comparative features of two competitive brands. It is an effective localisation tool as well.24Few advertisers view the comparative advertising as offensive but from the practical experience so far, it is an accepted fact that consumers are being benef itted by the comparative advertisements. In Indian market, as mentioned above there has been a sea-change after the introduction of LPG policies. suckers that were considered to be of very high quality with practically no competition have wooly out to other international brands, with the opening up of our markets and with the increase sensation of the consumers about the products. Comparative advertisement truly gives an opportunity to help consumers not only to decide on which product is better but also what is best suited for him.25Consumers generally do not observe quality before purchase. Prices cannot signal quality. The firms compete for customers by advertising their quality. We first analyze a pure disclosure framework. If a firm advertises, it discloses the truth it cannot distort as such. Compare two scenarios. In the first firms can only engage in non-comparative advertising, i.e., a firm may disclose its own quality but not the competitors. In the second scenario, th e firms can also engage in comparative advertising. In both scenarios advertising is pricy and firms may, therefore, choose to remain silent.26Some studies have questioned the effectiveness of comparative advertising. Swinyard found that when it is one-sided, comparative advertising loses credibility and generates sympathy for the brand being attacked.27A study by Ogilvy-Mather, a large ad agency, found that consumers ofttimes confuse the sponsor for the competitor in many comparative ads. Furthermore, there was no persuasiveness of comparative and non-comparative ads.28On the other hand, other studies have found that if the source is credible, comparative advertisement is effective. For example, Gotlieb and Sarel found that credible comparative ads were more likely to be notices and were more likely to operate intentions to buy the advertised brand compared with non comparative ads. They also found that credible comparative ads were particularly effective for new products. Swinyar d found that credibility can best be achieved by making comparative ads two sided-that is, a comparative ad that names a competitor, cites some of the advantages of the comparative brand, and then points out the arguments for the advertised brand.29Marketers should also consider consumers goal when preparing comparative ads. Promotion-focused consumers, whose goal is to exploit their gains and positive consumers, will be more responsive to claims that Brand X is superior to Brand Y prevention-focused consumers, who want to minimize their loss and risk, will be more sceptical of superiority claims and more responsive to claims that Brand X is similar or equivalent to Brand Y. Note that positively framed comparative messages(Brand X performs better than Brand Y) are more effective for promotion-focused consumers, whereas negatively framed messages(Brand Y has more problems than Brand X) are more effective for prevention-focused consumers. Positively framed comparative messages encour age more cognitive processing and prompt consumers to consider other brand information-sparking their get intentions if the additional information supports the positive arguments.30But the comparative advertisement should extent to the limit that it misleads the consumer. Any misinformation will be prejudice to the consumers. Abuses in advertising can obviously have unfortunate effects on consumers ranging from cash on item that did not live up to the standard, expectation, quality and in effect but results in hazardous accidents resulting from the misrepresentation of faulty goods.31Humour In Advertising32Marketers use humorous messages because they attract attention and because advertisers believe that peevishness can be persuasive. The use of humour in advertising has been increasing to the point where the majority of ads use humour. one reason is that a 2002 stare by Roper, a large marketing research firm, found that 85 percent of respondents said they like ads with humorous themes.There are pros and cons for the use of humour in advertising. On the positive side, humour is likely to increase attention and memorability. It is also likely to enhance the advertisers credibility. Humour may create a positive feeling towards the advertisers and increase the persuasiveness of the message. It may also distract consumers who use competitive products from developing arguments against the advertisers brand and may lead them to accept the message.Humour may also be considered inappropriate based on the economic and political climate. When is the use of humour most effective? Researchers have found that humour is most effective in gaining message acceptance-when consumers are not involved- because humour is peripheral to the message, it is more likely to influence consumers who are not involved with the product than those who are.for existing products- advertising new products require conveying information. Humour is a more effective agent of establishing a moo d than of conveying information.When consumers have a positive attitude towards the brand- humour can reinforce positive feelings towards a brand, but is improbable to reverse negative feelings.Why Consumer Protection?33Consumer has no voice in the product which is manufactured for his consumption.It is very difficult to effectively organize consumers in country as vast as India.A majority of the population is illiterate and ignorant.Poverty, lack of education, lack of misinformation, traditional outlook of Indians to suffer in silence, considering poverty and misery as a god-given things-all these negative sides of our life have enabled unscrupulous businessman to exploit consumers in India.The march of science and engine room has increased the difficulties of the consumer along with his opportunities of selection from a very wide cast of goods.JUDICIAL PRONOUNCEMENTSIndian Judiciary has defined certain limitations for comparative advertising. indisputable cases discussed below will help us to clarify more on this term.The role of puffery as a facet of comparative advertising was substantively dealt with by an Indian court for the first time in Reckitt Colman of India Ltd. v. M.P. Ramchandran and Anr.34In the come to matter, the plaintiff and defendant were manufacturers of clothing detergent brands Robin grubby and Ujala, respectively. It was contended by the plaintiff that the defendant, in its advertisement, had intentionally displayed a container that was similar to the one in which the plaintiffs product was sold, and in regard to which the plaintiff had a registered design. A further insinuation to the product of the plaintiff was in the fictitious product being priced at Rs. 10, which was known to be the price at which Robin Blue was sold. The advertisement went on to state that the said product Blue was uneconomical, and pictured that the same was a product of obsolete technology and and so ineffective. There was also an implication that the p roduct failed to dissolve effectively in water, and hence damaged clothes by leaving blue patches on them. It was argued by the defendant that the bottle depicted in the advertisement did not bear any resemblance to Robin Blue, and that the object of the portrayal had been merely to assert the technological superiority of Ujala over other competing products. Hence, it was denied that there was any specific disparagement of Robin Blue in the concerned advertisement.In M. Balasundram v Jyothi Laboratories35, A television advertisement promoting Ujala liquid blue showed that 2-3 drops were adequate to admit striking whiteness of clothes while several spoons of other brands were inevitable though no label of any other brand was shown. A lady holding a bottle of Ujala was looking down on another bottle and exclaiming chhi, chhi, chhi in disgust. The manufacturers of Regaul, a competing brand, approached the MRTP Commission that the advertisement was disparaging its goods. The Commissio n was of the view that-a mere claim to superiority in the quality of ones product by itself is not sufficient to attract section 36(1)(x) of MRTP Act. In the advertisement, the bottle did not carry any label. Further, the bottle did not have similarity with bottle of any brand. The Commission, thus, was of the opinion that it could not be a case of disparagement of goods.On a different stemma decision given by the court in case of Hindustan open up Limited v Colgate Palmolive (I) Limited36and Pepsi Co Inc v Hindustan Coca pinhead Ltd37, where both Colgate and Hindustan Coca Cola Ltd liable for disparaging their competitors products, respectively. Even though in both advertisements the competitors product name could not be perceive but could clearly be made out from lip movement. much(prenominal) a method of circumventing the law was held to fall clearly within the ambit of disparagement. The courts further stated that any claims made in comparative advertisements must be backed by verifiable statistical data.Precedents like the one laid down in Dabur India Ltd. v. Emami Ltd38. could severely curtail the scope of comparative advertising. Jurisprudentially speaking, the concept of defamation has to be specific or personalized in nature39. In the present case, the courts seem to have unmarked this premise, as the courts ruling in the case laid down that even a reference to a generic class of products could be potentially disparaging. This could be viewed as dangerous precedent as it would disallow a competitor to even make comparisons on a general basis. hypothetically if the newly launched Tata Nano were to put out an advertisement giving out the model that bike owners could progress in life by graduating to a car, then based on the ratio of this case, any bike company would be able to successfully sue Tata for disparagement40.CONCLUSIONIn India theres no doubt that the law regarding to comparative advertising is well colonised, but is it settled in the required manner? By copiously allowing puffing up in marketing strategies, until a competitor is not adversely affected, the courts have turned a blind eye towards the equally important consumer and his interests. directly in the Indian sphere the focus only seems directed towards the grabbing of eyeballs, without providing any productive information for the consumer to utilize. The objective behind comparative advertising was not only being informative and an important tool to promote competition but for comparisons to serve as benchmarks to help consumers focus on the products main qualities.Compara

Japanese religion and influence on culture

Nipponese godliness and influence on culture lacquerese Religion and the Influence on Culture Throughout the world, pietism is perceived as a brass composition at heart m any disparate cultures. Religion has a room of re redeeming a genuine way of brio, providing a basis for faith to blend in by, and brings a sense of belonging to many cultures in our world. For different cultures and within many countries religion varies according to demographics. The key excogitations of religion within the Japanese culture argon natural and superstitious establish. The leading religion in Japan remains Shintoististicistist, while other religions go through come and go, interweaving themselves among the Japanese society.For any Japanese person who whitethorn traffic pattern Shinto, other religion that may du exclusivelyy be expert is Buddhism. Are these religions common to one some other in theory? Do they aid the same purposes? And what other religions rent a popular followi ng in Japan? While Buddhism was brought e rattlingplace to Japan via China and Korea in the 6th century, Shinto seems to give way eternally resided in Japan (Japan-Guide.com, 2007). The religion of Shinto is still today very mysterious be example in some atomic number 18as on that point is still no certain knowledge in the course of the centuries many Japanese get to compose extensively on Shinto but these are oversizedly expressions of their person points of attend. Except for the relatively short three-quarters of a century of regimentation after the Meiji proceeds when there was an artificial, government-created authoritative interpretation of Shinto, there has non been any large body of interpretation that is generally accepted (Ono, Sokyo ix). Buddhism was founded by the teachings of Guatama Siddhartha who was born some 6th century B.C. in Nepal. The sp con of Buddhism took many centuries, and didnt reach Japan until 6th century A.C. (Buddhanet). Although there ar e many sects of Buddhism, the main teachings are universal in The Four Noble Truths. These teachings from Siddhartha himself lay the foundation of Buddhism itself. The root Nobel truth Life means throe.To live means to suffer, beca habit the human nature is not perfect and neither is the world we live in. During our lifetime, we inevitably have to endure physical suffering such(prenominal) as pain, sickness, injury, tiredness, old age, and at last death. (The Big View).The second Noble Truththe origin of suffering is extension to worldly desires.The origin of suffering is attachment to transient things and the ignorance thereof The reasons for suffering are desire, passion, ardour, pursue of wealth, prestige, striving for fame and popularity (The Big View).The third Nobel Truth is the finish of suffering is attainable.Extinguishing all forms of clinging and attachment Suffering can be overcome through human activity simply by removing the cause of suffering (The Big View).The Fourth Noble Truth is to follow the eight-fold Path.A gradual self-improvement by following the way mingled with the two extremes of excessive self-indulgence and excessive self-mortification(The Big View).Although the Four Nobel Truths are grand concepts of Buddhism there are many other aspects that make up Buddhism. Daily practice of meditation helps develop ones sense of awareness, to grow, and develops compassion and attractive kindness (Buddhanet). Following the laws of Karma and following right speech are as well integral to Buddhism.In the religion of Shinto, which was founded as Japans state religion in the Meiji Period, there is no absolute right or wrong and valet de chambre are seen as vestigially good (buddhanet). The purpose of rituals in the Shinto religion are to cast away evil spirits by means of purification, prayers and offerings.The Way of the Gods or Kami is the literal translation of Shinto. Unlike Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam, Shinto has neither a founder, such as Guatama the Enlightened One, Jesus the christ or Mohammed the Prophet nor does it have sacred scriptures, such as the sutras of Buddhism, the watchword or the Koran (Ono Sokyo 3). Shinto appears very little in history, as there is no significant teachings or information surrounding the ideas. Shinto is more than just a apparitional faith it is a order of battle of ideas, attitudes on ways of doing things and through history has become an integral give of the way of the Japanese people (Ono, Sokyo, 3).The kami-concept today embarrasss the idea of justice, order, and divine respect (blessing), and implies the basic principle that the kami function harmoniously in cooperation with one another and rejoice in the evidence of harmony and cooperation in this world (Ono Sokyo, 7). This concept is basically the same as it was in ancient Japan, only hardly a(prenominal) things have changed in regards to theory on Shinto.The kami of the Shinto religion serve different p urposes for the Japanese. Their culture revolves around kami who protect different things such as places, processes and natural orders. The Shinto gods can take many different forms, such as mountains, trees, rocks, wind, and rain. When a human dies they become ancestral kami and are idolize as such (Japan-Guide). This idea of kami is very different in assembly line to Buddhism , where they do not believe in kami, but in a force that which is made up of all living things and holds the universe unitedly (leaderu).This difference between Buddhism and Shinto may be the key to why they are so easily practiced together. There is no fundamental conflict between each religions kami, and there is no need to respect one over the other. The practice of Buddhism is earthly compassion while the practice of Shinto is otherworldly compassion.There are different types of Shinto, just as in Buddhism, that the Japanese follow. There is popular Shinto practice in everyday life of kami-worship, an d Domestic Shinto referring to home practice, and shrine Shinto is the oldest and most prevalent type (Ono, Sokyo, 12). Shinto does no appear to have branches or sects of difference among its worshippers, and the ideas across Japan are fundamentally the same.In Buddhism each branch may have many different sects of practice. Theravada Buddhism, which teaches the psychological understanding of human nature and emphasis a meditative move up on transformation of consciousness (Buddhanet). The Mahayana, another sect of Buddhism, teaches a miscellany of practices such as yoga. This sect of Buddhism branches out into many different lineages such as Pure Land, Avatamska and Tien Tai.Elements of Worpship for Shinto are performed at srhines, and involve intravenous feeding different elements. It is a distinctive feature of Shinto that kami-worship is expressed not only from the depth of ones heat but in a cover act of religious ritual (Ono, Sokyo, 51). The four elements of Shinto worship include purification, offerings, prayer and a emblemic feast.Purification is very essential to Shinto and the idea of pollution is vitally important. Removing pollution from oneself helps rid evil and unrighteousness, which could cut across ones communication with kami. Rinsing the mouth and fingers with clear water will emend a worshiper. Offerings are necessary to keep the kami happy free-and-easy. In shrines of huge importance offerings may be very elaborate, while simple ones may be of salt, rice or water (Ono Sokyo, 53).Prayers are typically read or recited at shrines in classical Japanese. These prayers are opened with rowing of praise for kami, making reference to the kami in which they are praying to. These prayers are stop with final words of respect and awe to the kami (Ono, sokyo, 54). The sacred feast is held at the end of any Shinto ceremony in which you eat together with the kami.While Shinto and Buddhism seem blatantly different in their daily functions, opera ting together they appear to make perfect sense. Japans idea of dually practiced religion is called syncretism. While Shinto is the main religion practiced for any wedding ceremony, Buddhist rituals are practiced at funerals because death in Shitno religion is considered pollution. These two dominant religions in Japan are intelligibly the oldest forms of religion, however there are new religions that are also claiming a popular following.These new religions often cited as Folk Religion have never faced the kind of dilemma of secularization which has been experienced by Buddhism or Christianity. Folk Religion always preserves the strong unchanging power which perseveres in he lower structure of society and religious institutions ( Hori, Ichiro, 18) Folk religion therefore has a strong social significance.The idea and concept of religion rose out of the cyclical concept of agriculture, in which everything has a natural order of germination, growth and maturity (Hori, Ichiro, 20). F arm and unsophisticated work is regarded as sacred in itself to the Japanese people and rituals are often observed before seeding and after harvesting. These among other rituals done for testimonial and security make folk religion a part of Japanese culture.There are two distinct types of folk religion in Japan. The first is considered as the guardian shrine systems, know as the uji-gami. This was based on a particular family or clan system in which each family has its own shrine as a central symbol of harmony, devoted to ancestral spirit who was enshrined and worshiped. The main function of uji-gami is to assimilate all the family members into a patriarchal hierarchy in which the familys respectable name is carry on for generations to come.The second type of system in folk religion is known as the man-god system, also called hito-gami. This system is based on a make full relationship of an individual god with a shaman. Older Japanese cultures or villages were once ruled by an i ndividual shaman or care for man (Hori, Ichiro, 31) This type of system gave the leader the power to transmit ideas to their kami gum olibanum making the leader a utility of divine power. Beliefs and superstitions are present at the core of each folk religion.There are quint types of superstitious groups beliefs and magic concerning omens, beliefs in divination, fragmentary customs concerning taboo, black magic, and prayers with sorcerous elements. Although these topics may be viewed as superstitious, it is not from an objective point of view as many religions around the world practice what one aptitude call superstitions. These rituals or acts of superstition do enter the daily life of the Japanese and may even regulate the conduct of a great number of persons (Hori, Ichiro, 46).Although the religions of Shinto, Buddhism and new religions seem different in many aspects, there are common themes and theories among them. This being said, it is also observed that many different re ligions around the world share a number of commonalities. Shinto and Buddhism arrange a lot of cultural morals and values that the Japanese use in conduct everyday. New Religions also are seen to permeate into the daily lives of Japanese. These religions practiced together make Japan the diverse but unified country that it is today.BibliographyBuddhism. 2007. japan-Guide.com. 09 Apr. 2007 .Buddhanet. Buddhanet. 2007. 09 Apr. 2007 .Hori, Ichiro. Folk Religion in Japan. Chicago University of Chicago P, 1968.Ono, Sokyo. Shinto the Kami Way. Ruthland, Vermont Charles E. Tuttle Co., Inc, 1969.The Four Noble Truths. The Big View. 13 Dec. 2006. 09 Mar. 2007 www.thebigview.com

Cause And Effects Of Smog Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay

Ca wont And Effects Of smogginessginess Pollution environmental Sciences Essaysmogginess contaminant is a major business that this broadcastet is suffering from e trulyday. It has stirred our homes, weather, and health. It is a very hard situation for us if we do non do whatsoever involvement round it. Smog pollution is display cased by chemicals, automobiles, f defendories and corporations. The greatest thing we layabout do as a society is try to engender a way to wait on prevent and stop smog pollution. If the pack on this satellite do not do anything to stop smog pollution we atomic number 18 going to have a BIG difficulty and it will hurt us in the future. We need a plan and we need to put a stop to smog pollution. The the Statesn Lung tie-up (ALA) has been arduous to find ship idleral to help stop and prevent smog pollution from hurting us and the environment. If we can just do our set off and find a way to prevent this problem from germinateting any bigge r, it will benefit us all.We all have heard of smog pollution, nevertheless do we really know what it is. Smog pollution has numerous types that can be hazardous and dangerous to our health and well being. The shape smog pollution is withal known as photochemical smog. It is organize by the interaction with insolateshine ray with different types of chemicals in earths atmosphere (Oblack). The master(prenominal) comp unrivallednt of smog pollution or photochemical pollution is ozone. Ozone is in the earths stratosphere, which the shields the earth from dangerous UV radiation from the sun. The problem with ozone is when it touches down on the earths surface it can be very dangerous and can cause serious health problems for spate on the planet (Oblack). The ground take ozone is made by the emissions of automobiles that put nitrogen oxide into the air, which is caused by the vehicles exhaust exhaust fumes (Oblack).The extreme components from the fumes combined with the ozo ne and fume evaporation that combines with sunlight, causes smog pollution on the planet (Oblack). Many lot try to find ways to help avoid smog in a more than planet friendly environment, so some peck use substitutes for their everyday use. thither is just one problem with that, and that is the sun. Many people dont understand that sunlight and warm climates cause pollution. For example, places like California, Florida, and Arizona and even North America be some of the approximately contaminate places in the country (Oblack). separate problem that causes an increase in smog pollution is the increased usance of fossil fuels for industrial, heating, and of course transportation purposes (All that smog). Also, cutting down, burning trees, and disposing of agricultural and organic waste can also lead to emissions of smog pollution and pernicious problems for the planet (All that Smog). Sunlight mixed with different types of dangerous chemicals (secondary pollution) also selec ts it serious to stop smog pollution from occurring on the surface of the planet (All that Smog), which creates other big problem.mood is a major factor for the cause of smog pollution. Many places in the world can try to be more environmental friendly to help save our planet. round people chide bicycles instead of driving cars. Other people try to reduce their use of using fire to warm themselves. The only problem that these people cannot get away from is something that they cannot pull wires, and that is the sun. California is ranked in the top 10 most polluted areas in the United States. Ozone pollution that is caused by the sun has a major affect on this planet. Smog and air pollution is having a serious impact on the environment and can condemn all ecosystems (seirraclub). The reason why the sun causes so many a(prenominal) problems is because the ozone layer that is suppose to protect planet earth is practically destroyed. Without the protection, the sun is adequate to shine radiation onto the planet and is the main reason for many health issues that people go through every day. Issues like skin cancer, radiation poisoning, and sun burn are having fatal affects on people. This type of pollution not only harms humans, but it can also harm wild sustenance and the environment. Smog can harm different plants, which can lead to electronegative consequences. Because the plants are damage, it makes it hard for plants to make and save food for themselves in their financial support environment (seirraclub). In addition, the sun and smog can destroy leaves and plants it would make many of the plants vulnerable to getting diseases. And, they cannot defend themselves from different types of bugs and insects that can cause a huge decrease in plant life (seirraclub). Smog pollution is a yearly problem for places like Texas, Georgia, Florida, and many other southern and sunny parts of the world, but in that respect is also a big increase in smog pollution in the summer (seirraclub). This is caused by strong sunlight that burns the earths surface. However, the one thing that is component part smog pollution is all of the problems that are on this planet. All of the military force plants, automobile emissions, industrial, and chemical vapors are other causes of pollution (seirraclub). Climate changes are part of the problem as well. Within the months of June, July, and August, it makes it harder to try and control the smog pollution, due to the sun. This planet has gone through billions of years of evolution. It survived dinosaurs, the grouch age, and the black plague, but because of smog pollution this planet might not be able to survive this new attack.A major problem smog pollution is causing is health concerns for the public. Smog pollution is touch on human health because it is making it harder to breathe the smog induced air. Because of this and sun radiation, this is pull up stakesing in many fatalities, including skin an d lung cancer. Peoples lungs and hearts can be hazardously affected by smog and air pollution (Oblack). Many people are still skeptical about smog pollution, but one thing that is known is long term exposure can result in dangerous and even fatal heath affects to people (Oblack). Some of the long term affects caused by exposure to smog pollution are problems breathing, coughing, wheezing, pneumonia, bronchitis, inflammation of the pulmonarys, lung cancer, heart problems, asthma like symptoms, pre mature aging of lungs, and last, but not least, death (Oblack). Smog pollution, even in small doses, can be very dangerous and harmful to all people. The American Lung tie estimated that 48 percent of people in the world live with very high aims of smog (seirraclub). Even though exposure to smog is dangerous, there are three types of people who can be severely damaged from smog, which include children, the elderly, and people with respiratory problems (seirraclub). The Environmental Prote ction Agency (EPA) has created the note Quality Index which lets you check the air density and pollution level around your areas (seirraclub). Furthermore, The Department of Motor vehicles have been arduous to develop a plan to reduce vehicle emission and try to improve on air quality for the planet and help save the planet (Malone). The DMV has also been trying to encourage the residents of the United States to help stop smog. They are trying to do their part by asking people to report anyone who has unmistakable exhaust coming out of their automobiles (Malone). If we can all do our moderately share and help support this plan we can be able to help stop smog pollution.In all, smog pollution is a major concern for our environment and this planet. If we do not find a way to try and stop smog pollution, we will have many more health problems. Fortunately, there are people who are trying to find ways to stop smog pollution. Many people who are trying to create plans that can help b ring this planet defend to a healthier state. In 1996, smoking vehicle program was passed that state that anyone who sees smoking exhaust coming from cars, trucks, or any other labor vehicles were to voluntarily report it to the authorities as a way of preventing polluted air (Malone). It is also there to help educate people about smog pollution and what they can do to help stop it (Malone). The American Lung Association (ALA) also came up with certain help to bring tending to the issue of smog pollution. They advised people to pay more attending to the Air Quality Index (AQI) around their area. They tried to educate people about Ozone action days and how not to ignore them. Finally, ALA attempted to help people get familiar with how smog adversely affects their health (Oblack). The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) takes it upon them to check evidence every five years to see whether or not the situation of smog pollution has changed for split or worse (seirraclub). It is very simple to stop smog pollution. We can all use our cars, trucks, and motorcycles, sparingly. We all must try to do our bazaar share and we must be able to bring awareness to how dangerous the sun can really be. We need to fight back against smog. If we do not do anything about it, this planet and everything on it will suffer. assemblage against Smog and Pollution ( drag) is a non-profit citizens free radical in Southwestern dada working for a healthy, sustainable environment. GASP was founded in 1969, with a group of volunteers who were worried about air quality issues here in Pennsylvania. GASP has been a diligent watchdog, educator, litigator, and policy-maker on many environmental issues, with a taper on air quality in the Pittsburgh region. Their objective is to teach and clear up the public about pollution and its remedies. Their Mission Statement is will act to obtain for the residents of Western Pennsylvania clean air, water, and land in grade to create a healthy, sustainable environment and quality of life to which we are entitled (Groups against Smog and Pollution.) Obviously GASP is doing their part, but what are we doing as individuals to help?

Ryanair External Analysis

Ryan snap External AnalysisRyanair is an rush path union which is well known for its pocket-sized monetary esteem air track of life abeting in Europe. Ryanair was founded in 1985 by Christy Ryan, Liam Lonergan and noted Irish business lineman, Tony Ryan. It has its head lieu in Dublin Airport in Ireland. The connection which was running in loss was restructured in 1991 by Michael OLeary with no-frills, emit- salute service which regressed cabbage to the bon ton. It ope range much than two hundred and twenty Boeing 737-800 aircrafts from 40 bases all told all over Europe, which is the largest flight path companionship that carries gazillions of passengers e truly year. Revenue where raised from $231million in 1998 to $843 million in 2003.It showed considerable profits from 48 million to 239 million over the overdue course. The alliance failed taxation enhancements of 2,713.8 million during the financial year which ended March 2008, which is an amplify of 21.3% comp atomic number 18d to year 2007.The opposite revenue proffer to Ryanair where car hire, travel insurance, etc which broadsheet to 16% of the total revenue. So the major(ip) vision of the guild is to be the leader in the little f atomic number 18 air hoses in Europe. The objective of the Ryanair flight path company is to be the number one company in name of node service.EXTERNAL ANALYSISIn the environmental see surgery we atomic number 18 going to see the external analysis. The PESTEL is an macro environmental scanning tool. The PESTEL which is known as Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, Leagal. Let us discuss the components in detail.(P)olitical FactorsThe major political factors that affect the Ryanair argon the pressure which is caused from the trade unions especially pi throne trade unions. The act of terrorism is another major political factor which entrust affect the airline service with adjoind time delays for shelter servic es. The get charges is another important factor which influences politically. Due to the high land fee in Stansted, Ryanair has decided to move routes from the Stansted to Gatwick (which is providind deplorableer landing charges). besides the EU which has abolished the sales of duty-free items as well causes major impact.(E)conomic FactorsThe major economic factor is the unstable conditions in the fuel prices which affects the airline companys growth. Ryanair estimated that fuel pinnacle is set to increase 732m (in the financial year 2008) to 1.01bn which had affected the profits belt down to 235m among 2008 and March 2009.Further the weakening of the Pound value(GBP) alike influences a lot on the growth of Ryanair. The recession and increase in the inflation rates project too affected the growth. The taxation issues ar a very important factor which affects the economic growth of the company.(S)ocial FactorsThe major social factors is the increase in travelling lifesty les of the quite a little which affects the business of Ryanair .There ar a compartmentalisation of people who give prefer different ways of travelling and comfort. The increase commonwealth which will be focusing on the health and seaworthiness guard measures provided. So this will make the company spend a lot on the security service. Further the ageing population involve much than leg space and health safety measures implementations.(T)echnological FactorsThe in the altogether bigger planes with groovy modern technologies are required for the huge passenger traffic. So this in turn affects the prudence of the company. The other important factor is the internet. The online ticket booking has increased from the year 2001 which made the company invest to a greater extent on the outsourcing of these operations. Further the new technology planes with less fuel utilization are very important focus to buy in the detail where the fuel prices are increasing.(E)nvironmental FactorsThe most important environmental factor which affects the companys revenue growth is the carbon emission and green house issues. So this makes the company to upgrade its existing planes to less carbon emission and less ring producing new technology planes. Further the carbon emission schemes differ between countries which in turn increase the taxing policies, so this also affects the economy of the company.(L)egal FactorsThese include the EU regulators and the regulations which in turn reflects in the companys growth. The health and safety measures are also one of the legal factors in which case the passengers susceptibility sue the company for any accidents occurred . Further the landing charges varies between the countries which causes the company to pay more for landing in some bases.INDUSTRY complex body partFor the industrial analysis we use the Porters Five Forces.In this establishL-LOWM-MEDIUMH- racyConsidering this porters five forces the bargaining power of cust omers and the suppliers will be low because the airfare is already low which is quite an reasonable. The threat of the substitutes will be medium which business leader depend on the relative price and quality of the substitutes. The threat of new entrants and the emulous rivalry is very high. For example the major competitor for Ryanair is the EasyJet airline which offers low price airfare with safe(p) customer service. This is described as downstairsMarket Segmentation Positioning Of RyanairRyanair targets the people belonging to the middle class. It offers scoop out low airfare with attractive packages. make up Ryanair offered free carriage of skis and snowboards to passengers flying to the the Alps on September 2009. This even made people more capable to need Ryanair for their travel, whereas their rival British Airways stopped their passengers from carrying their skisPositioning Of Ryanair1. indemnity2. Premium/ Competitive4. Competitive5.Competitive/ Leader1. Excellen t2. Excellent/ modal(a)4. Average/ Acceptable5. Acceptable1. Original2. Original/ Customized3. Customized4. Customized /Basic1. limit3. Restricted/ Selective4. Selective/ Universal5. Universal1. Prestigious2. Prestigious/ view4. Respected5. Respected/ Functional1.Comprehensive2.Comprehensive/ Standard3. Standard4. Standard/ b localiselinePRICE QUALITY FEATURES AVAILABILITY SUPPORT REPUTATIONRe showtimeResources of RyanairThe imaginativenesss are known as the tangible and intangible assets that a firm uses to claim and then implement them in strategies. The capabilities are the skills that the firm uses in order to bring its resources to bear the ongoing things. The Resources of the Ryanair arePhysical Resources Ryanair operates a surpass of 232 new Boeing 737-800 aircraft. Ryanair has 41 bases and more than 1100 routes crossways 26 countries, which is connecting 153 destinations. blush the company has ordered 82 new flights which will be delivered within 3 years of time. This shows the companys rapid growth and blowup.Financial Resources The major financial resource like the number of flights that the company yielded is from the low damage airfare. The financial resources of Ryanair is quite strong when compared with its rival Easyjet which is shown in the table belowHuman Resources Ryanair shortly has a crew of around 7000 people and carries around millon more than 58 million people in the year 2008.Capabilities Of RyanairThe capabilities of the Ryanair are the lowest airfares and the speedy turnaround time. Their innovative strategies on the greet reduction and the principle of No Frills are also an added advantage. They also focus on particular department of commercialize with some clear offers. They also have the large tell on awareness.Ansoff Strategic Direction MatrixThe Igor Ansoff direction matrix helps the firms to decide on the possible ways to grow the business in the existing or new ingatherings , in the existing or new market. In this way we get four possible combinations. They areMarket Penetration reaping DevelopmentMarket DevelopmentDiversificationThese are describes in the picture belowSo by using the combinations from Ansoff , the Ryanair company seems to have successfully penetrated into the airline market by offering its customers with a very economic crisis Airfare . Here the product which means the non-homogeneous services offered by Ryanair in the flight . The most significant one is the Low Airfare price offered to the passengers. and then their market penetration is very strong and successful and also their product developed very well because of the low price of the air tickets. So naturally this made the company to become the largest low fare carriers across the Europe . This also influenced the development of the company in the airline market with the purchasing of many Boeing aircrafts with modern facilities. Further the company has expanded its routes to more than 1100 in more than 2 6 countries with 153 destinations. This is the major development in the airline market which attracted more customers. The company recorded the largest passenger carriers with 58 million passengers travelling during the year 2008. This expansion made them to be more commonplace internationally which in fact required the divergence of employees and culture. So these have diversified the centering and people they operate and made them to successfully link them together. This is the major factor which made them to further penetrate and result in the product development to the existing and new markets. Hence the Ryanair here maintains B2C which yields them more profits. This also helps them to make a good customer relationship and also give them a reliable low priced air tickets. This makes the company Ryanair to be the leading Low airfare carriers among the European airline companies. Hence the low pricing strategy of Ryanair have targeted on the middle class people moreover with v ery basic services.Cost Reducing StrategyThe Ryanair follows the most utile strategies which is the price reducing strategies. This greet reducing strategies helps the company to achieve the desire targets of low represent airfare. These are achieved by five major aspects. They areFleet CommonalityContracting the services to terzetto partiesThe charges in aerodrome and route insuranceManaging the staff and productivity costsManaging the marketing costFleet CommonalityThe Ryanair has further the new Boeing 737 flight models which help the company in reducing the costs spent on maintenance much(prenominal) as obtaining the spare parts and also the training costs .This is the major advantage to the company to maintain single model of the air quiver which even increases the travel line security with new technology flights. point these will help the company to save the fuel consumption and these flights are more fuel efficient and also maintain good safety. This also helps them in scheduling the fights and assembling the crew members.Contracting the services to third partiesThe Ryanair has outsourced the services to third parties. They made deals with Hertz car rentals and hotels. So in this fast moving world people prefer to go for these good services along with their trips in order to save time and notes. In this way they earn ancillary revenue of 16% of the profit. Further obscure from the Dublin airport where they have their crew members to serve, the remaining airports they have assure to the third parties to serve the ticket handling. In this way they also evade from the direct exposure of the potential disputes.The charges in airport and route policySince the Ryanair sells the tickets on its own, in that respect is no activity of the federal agents required most often. So there is no necessity for the agent commission. So the company saves upto 15% on the agency commission. In order to reduce the airport landing fees, passenger landing fee, etc the company select the secondary and the regional airports which in turn increases the passenger throughput.Managing the staff and Productivity costThe Ryanair follows the principle of nonrecreational the salary to their employees based on their performance. This is one of the beaver practices the modern companies are following these days to increase the work force performance and which in turn bring good revenue to the company. Hence they follow the base salary policy. This in turn increases the productivity. Further most of the pilots are recruited when they are young pilots cadets which makes the company to train and make short term deals with them. Even the cabin crew should pay for their uniforms to be clean.Managing the marketing costThe Ryanair in order to reduce the marketing costs it makes most of the marketing on its own without the travel agents. So it saves a lot in the agent commissions. Further the company spend a reasonable amount of money in advertizing. The a dvertising tools used are like the newspapers, company website and also television.Porters Value ChainThe porters value chain is a chain with various activities for the company operating in a specific field. It has various varies primary(a) activities like the Inbound Logistics, Operations, Outbound Logistics, Marketing sales, Service. The other part is the second Activities which consists of administration infrastructure, Human Resource Management, Technology part and the Procurement. These values are very important for the company to maintain its performance and get a good profit in turn. Here the very important value is the no frill service and which makes the company to offer a low cost airfare. The various value drivers and their costs are identified for distributively of the value activity. Hence here for the Ryanair airline company the following are the identified values using the Porters Value Chain.Porters Generic StrategiesMichael Porter categorised the three general strategies that are to be used by the business firms in order to achieve militant advantage. Hence these three strategies are defined in two different dimensioned they are the hawkish background and the competitive strength. The various generic strategies that the Ryanair company has chosen are the cost leadership, differentiation, cost focus, differentiation focus.The cost leadership is the major strategies used by the Ryanair which placid makes it to the leading airline companies in Europe. The Ryanair maintains the low cost policy which is an advantage for its good market existence. Further it has made the people to choose the option of low airfare even in the existing market competition. speciality here is that it made their customers to be more satisfied regarding the low pricing airfare. Hence there it still retained the long run customer satisfaction regarding the airfare cost. The cost focus is mainly targeted on the people choosing low airfare travels. So the company ha s chosen the no frill strategy which still makes it more profitable in the markets. Even it has very cheap advertising concept which even adds more advantage. The reduced turnaround time and the various corporate partnership offers are also the competitive advantages of the company. The outsourcing of services in various international airports is also helpful to maintain its low cost airfare. Further the Ryanair follows the In-house marketing which also helps it to focus on low cost airfares. Even the company focussed on the narrow customer element which will be including the Irish and the UK passengers who cannot afford to fly in costly airlines. So the major goal of the company Ryanair is to provide the people with no frill service and low cost airfare all time. So Ryanair is the only company which has not yet revealed its strategic position. It has tried to mix up the focus and cost leadership together. So finally in 1997 the cost leadership strategy was being chosen by the com pany. This made the company more successful in its campaign. Hence the cost leadership is the best chosen strategies which make the company to be the leading one in the European airline industries. Hence this is the major competitive advantage the company has pursued.ConclusionHence from the above analysis the Ryanair proved to be the low cost airline which is confident of competing with its competitors in pricing. It is advocateed that it should increase its services in the web which will yield more revenue these days. The Ryanair will surely make its successful way in Flying people withlow cost airfare.Critical ReflectionFrom the above discussed strategies the Ryanair airline company has achieved its goal of low cost airfare through no frill services. But still there are some areas that the company still need to improve in the strategic aspect. So based on the analysis we strongly recommend Ryanair to consider the airline expansion which is specifically the atlantic routes which is having the worlds 60% of air travel. Hence if it is moving on to the new market with this low cost airfare with some added services , then it will yield more profits compared to the present level. Further I recommend the Ryanair company to focus more on the following fields to improve its performance and which also yield good revenue to the company.Merging and AcquisitionsBetter reforms in benignant resource managementImproving the market planning strategiesAdditional third society servicesMerging and AcquisitionsThe merging and the acquisitions has become one of the major corporate-level strategies in this new millennium. Since the Ryanair is continuing to grow , it should make mergers or acquisitions with the companies in other countries which will rapidly increase its revenue. Even this will improve its capabilities and will also acquire more competitive advantage.Better reforms in human resource managementSince from the moment Ryanair started following its low cost airfare , it has sacrificed all its basic services. The company Ryanair does not seem to be valuing its people. Even it charges for the people for using the toilets. This made the pilots to oppose against this rules. There is a belief that the competitive advantage is also dependent on the human resource of the company. So there should be proper reforms in the human resource management .In this technological world the human resources are the only resources which will be bringing the sustainable competitive advantage.Improving the market planning strategiesThe Ryanair should provide good customer services which in turn will yield good revenue to the company. So it should offer good airfare packages and promotions to the customers. This is the best way of improving the Core competence and will maintain its levelling in the competitive advantage. Further the company should also work out in keeping the important air routes which will increase the revenue of the company. Further the expansion s trategies are more important among the competitors. Further the Ryanair can give good low cost airline packages according to the various passenger population from different countries. This will helps the company to maintain a stable competitive advantage. The company should also provide the onboard entertainment services, Internet services and transmit television services. In online it can also sell some products with its leaf blade name which is a good advertising strategy and also it will generate revenue. It can also reduce the charges imposed on over weight and extra luggages. The advertising strategies also should be made as digital marketing because the usage of internet has increased and people are more interested in booking tickets through online. So this digital marketing should be more effectively carried out which would increase the revenue of the firm.Additional third party servicesThe Ryanair outsourced the services to the third parties. Even still there are complaint s from the passenger for the catering services in the plane. The company doesnt offer diet free of cost inside the flight for the passenger. So it can also consider these recommendations to serve the passenger with food at a minimum charge. This will place the company more stable position among the competitors. Further the company can out source this catering service to a third party which also help the company to offer good service to the passengers.

Hadith Is What Prophet Muhammad Said Religion Essay

hadith Is What oracle Muhammad Said Religion EssayChapter 3Hadith is what Prophet Muhammad Sallallahu alaihi wa Sallam said. Sunnah is what Prophet Muhammad Sallallahu alaihi wa Sallam said, did, and okay of. When we read Hadith we learn close to his sunnah. We pauperization to learn about his Hadith because we want to honour what he did and what he approved of, in detail.This is all colligate to Islam and its about religion people from all the human beings wants to learn and to know more about Islam, hadith what is going to uphold learning the ethics of Islam, hadith has mentioned in Quran its referring to wisdom and who incessantly bring to us the hadith such as Muslim and bukhari atomic way out 18 sure hundred percent this is what came in Quran about hadithFor Allah has sent down to you the Book and the Wisdom and taught you what you knew non (before) and great is the invest of Allah upon you.Moreover God asked us to obtain him and to fallow what vaticinator mohamme d has told us or to do what he has did in specific stations and those ar some exercisingsYou defecate indeed in the Messenger of Allah a exquisite example (of conduct) for anyone whose hope is in Allah and the final Day and remembers Allah much.Say If you do go to sleep Allah, then follow me Allah result love you and forgive you your sins, and Allah is kind Merciful.O people The Messenger has come to you with the truth from your Lord. Therefore suppose, (it is) break down for you. And if you dis debate, still, lo to Allah belongs whatsoever is in the heavens and the earth. And Allah is ever Knower, Wise.O you who opine copy Allah, and obey the Messenger and those of you who ar in authority, then if you have a dispute concerning any matter, refer it to Allah and the Messenger if you are (in truth) believers in Allah and the determination Day. That is better and very good in the end.Whoso obeys the Messenger, indeed obeys Allah and whoso turns out we have not sent you as a warder over them.O you who believe Obey Allah and His Messenger, and turn not away from him when you hear ( him speak).O you who believe Be not unfaithful to Allah and the Messenger, nor knowingly betray your trusts.O you who believe Obey Allah and obey the Messenger and render not your deeds useless.And whatsoever the Messenger gives you, take it. And whatsoever he forbids, abstain (from it). And fear Allah. Lo Allah is heartrending in retri scarceing (evil)For this reason the Quran is the first source of Muslim up remedyness and Hadith is the second source of Muslim law.Whatever Prophet Muhammad Sallallahu alaihi wa Sallam said, did or approved of was narrated by his family members and companions as Hadith. The man who narrated the most number of Hadith of Prophet Muhammad Sallallahu alaihi wa Sallam was Hadrat Abu Huraira Rady Allahu Anhu, and the lady who narrated the most Hadith of Prophet Muhammad Sallallahu alaihi wa Sallam was Sayyidatina Aisha Rady Allahu Anha. (web site 9)3.2 BooksThere are six major accommodates of Hadith. These books are Sahih Bukhari by Imam Bukhari (194 A.H.-256 A.H.) swaying 7275 Hadith, Sahih Muslim by Imam Muslim (206 A.H.-261 A.H.) containing 4000 Hadith, Jami by Imam Tirmizi (209 A.H-279 A.H.) containing 1600 Hadith, Sunan by Imam Abu Dawud (202 A.H.-275 A.H.) containing 4800 Hadith, Sunan by Imam Ibnu Maja (passed away 283 A.H.), and finally Sunan by Imam An-Nasaai (215 A.H.-303 A.H.).Some of the things that you learn from Hadith are that to say that God is one and visionary mohammed is who brought the Islam and that called shhada and is the key to Paradise, how to say our prayer, what is zakah which mode give the poor people a percentage from our money every(prenominal) year and how much to give in zakah, the importance of fasting in the month of Ramadan, and how to perform Hajj. We also learn about Arkanal Iman or the pillars of faith, and how to be good Muslims by practicing Ihsan (goodness). We learn about t he things that are prohibited in Islam such as stealing, cheating, lying, back-biting, fraud, alcohol and pork. The other thing that we learn from Hadith is what to do or recite on specific occasions for example when giving in charity, say Fisabilillah.Those are the most trusted book that we rout out refer to when we want to learn hadith or when we want to know what is the low that we can follow in our lives and how to deal or treat people.Finally, Prophet Muhammad Sallallahu alaihi wa Sallam believed that Allah is dearer to him than everything on which the sun rises. (Muslim) Prophet Muhammad Sallallahu alaihi wa Sallam use to say, Glory to be to Allah Praise be to Allah on that point is no one worthy of worship but Allah and Allah in most Great, is dearer to me than everything on which the sun rises. (Muslim) Prophet Muhammad Sallallahu alaihi wa Sallam said if anyone says this 100 prison terms a day, his sins allow be removed from him. (Muslim) Prophet Muhammad Sallallahu ala ihi wa Sallam taught us that there is no might and no power other than Allah.Hadith is a very important aspect of being a Muslim because it develops love for Allah Subhanahu wa Taala and for Prophet Muhammad Sallallahu alaihi wa Sallam. Following the sayings of Prophet Muhammad Sallallahu alaihi wa Sallam makes you follow the right path.(web site 10)3.3. AlrwahAlrwah are the people to bring to us the hadith from years back where prophesier mohammed where living alrwah is the most honest people, this processes do by one of the rwah told that prophet mohammed told someone what he is tilling right now and the final six rwah who wrote what they know in a books that testament last forever and be used all over the ball (website 11), and those rwah are listed belowMuslimBukhariImam tirmziImam abu dawoodIbn majedAn-Nasaai3.4. Our moduleontological modeling in teaching technologies has undergone considerable evolution. Models and styles used for ontology construction and argumentation can be partitionified.Our module will be about prophet mohammed says and the rwah by which we get the specific hadith and this are the components that we used in our model.3.5. Our Ontology ComponentsRegardless of where and when an ontology is used or created, most share the same structural similarities, regardless of the language or intent. Common components includeIndividualsInstances, or the staple fiber ground level component of an ontology. It may include concrete objects, such as animals, people, tables, automobiles, etc, as well as cop individuals such as numbers and words.ClassesConcepts that are also called type, sort, category and kind that is ascertaind as an extension abstract groups, sets, or collection objects or intension abstract objects that are particularises by values of aspects. Some examples of classes may includesomebody class of all people or abstract object that can be exposit by the criteria of being a person.Vehicle class of all vehicles or the abstract object that can described by the criteria for being a vehicleAttributesObjects in an ontology can be described by relating them to other things, typically aspects or parts. These related things are ofttimes called attributes, although they may be independent. Each attribute can be every a class or an individual and will determined the world-beater of relation between them. Without attributes, they will not be considered as a true ontology.RelationshipsA relation is of a particular type or class that specifies in what sense the object if related to another object in the ontology. The set of dealings in an ontology will describe the semantics of the domain. The classes of relations used will describe the language in which the ontology is expressed.Function callComplex structures formed from certain relations that can be used in place of an individuals term in a statementRestrictionsformally stated descriptions of what must be true for us to know what should be accepted as input.RulesStatements in the form of if-then sentences to describe the logical interferences in an ontology.EventsThe changing of attributes or relations.we can classified our model to be structural (object) models Several approaches are known to apply structural (object) data models to define ontologies. An approach for extensible ontological model construction in a mediation environment intended for heterogeneous information sources integration in various subject domains has been presented in kalin. A mediator ontological language (MOL) may depend on a subject domain and is to be defined at the mediator consolidation phase. On the other hand, for distinct information sources different ontological models (languages) can be used to define their own ontologiesThe proposed model extends the usual ontology models and has been implemented in a frame-based intimacy model inspired to OKBC. The extension concerns the explicit representation of amplifyitional information about the prop erties of the attributes used to describe a concept. The ontology model extension encompasses semantic information designed to characterise the behavior of properties in agents concept descriptions. The gaud of this extended knowledge model is that it explicitly represents the behaviour of attributes over time by describing the changes in a property that are permitted for members of the concept. It also explicitly represents the class membership mechanism by associating with each slot a qualitative quantifier representing how properties are inherited by subconcepts. Finally, the model does not only describe the prototypical properties holding for a concept but also the exceptional ones. (ref 5,6)3.6. chart explanation(fig 2) root of the ontologyfor an explanation to this graph which is our model a thing is the beginning of any ontology, on our ontology a thing will refer to an Islamic celebrated people and alsnah alnboia which is contain prophet mohammed says, Islamic famous peop le will be alsahabh (prophet mohammed fiends), alrwah and prophet Mohamed himself.(fig 3) prophet mohammed classThis will take us to prophet mohammed says which will contain his life for an example and anything referring van be added to modify the ontology in this can be done by any one.(Fig 4) branches of our ontologyMoreover from the famous Islamic people the rwah will show the rwah name and we can add any thing related to alrwah under the name, and the names of alshaba will be the same and later we will explain the relation and how we will touch base each class to others.Finally, for alsnh the says will come under this class and the says will be divided to hadith books name and all hadith related to this books, and those will be linked with what we talked about such as alrwah, alshabh, prophet mohammed etc.

Napoleon Bonaparte Essay -- Germany History Bonaparte essays

pile Bonaparte The ideas of modern warfare fecal matter lead back to the 18th century during a legitimate execute by a French armed services loss leader. This military leader was named Napoleon Bonaparte. He started a campaign against Western Europe that defined war and his strategies echoed throughout time up until the Second World War. His strategic plans were legendary up until his biggest mistake, which was invading Russia during its winter during the engagements in the Waterloo Campaign.Before you can get into how he became a military genius you have crack-up how is life really was before his military career began. Napoleon was born(p) in Ajaccio, Corsica, on dread 15th 1769 to Carlo Buonaparte, a lawyer and semipolitical opportunist, and his wife, Marie-Letizia Buonaparte. The Buonapartes were a wealthy family from the Corsican nobility, although when compared to the great aristocracies of France Napoleons kin were poor and pretentious. payable to his parents conne ctions he was able to enter the Military academy in Brienne in 1779. He moved to the Parisian Ecole Royale Militaire in 1784 and graduated a year later as a second lieutenant in the Artillery. When the civil war broke out the Buonapartes fled to France and adopted the French variant of their name Bonaparte. When the political situation in France flipped around, Napoleon was tried for treason, unless if not for his roots in politics, he would have been executed only when his families connections saved him from death. In 1795 Napoleon became a hero again and helped support the revolutionary forces off. As a result of that, he grew to be ane of the most respected military leaders in France.In 1796 Napoleon was given control of an Italian army which helped defeat Austria. After that campaign he returned to France as a bigger hero than he before was, but had to leave in 1798 to Egypt and Syria in order to threaten Englands imperialistic rule in Africa. Napoleon and his army retur ned in the August of 1799. Shortly after he took part in the Brumaire coup of November 1799, complete as a member of the Consulate, Frances current ruling triumvirate.In the tonic by Robert M. Epstein, his military background was identified and how he planned his attacks were confounded down so that the average person could understand them. He was the individualistic who introduced the ideas of modern warfare to the global affairs. The de... ...w warfare. Also since there was a new air force being used, there had to be certain preventive measures to be taken in order to thwart off the planes, frankincense the birth of flak cannons. These shot shards of metal not the sky to inject down the planes. Finally the most important piece of technology that was introduced in World War Two was the Hydrogen and Atomic Bombs which were dropped over Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. These dickens pieces of weaponry ended World War Two in the peaceful front and in the world. Having Technolog y is was makes your Militaries, Navies, and Air forces modern, a strong battle plan is a great thing to have but that doesnt make warfare modern. This is what gave certain forces the advantage over their opponents. Weaponry kills people, not the plans themselves. To have a significant advantage over your opponent is what subjection is all about, and that is what new advancements did. Even though Napoleon was a military genius and developed new theories on war, they didnt make war fare modern, technology did.Bibliography Napoleons Last Victory and the Emergence of Modern War, Epstein, Robert M. second ed. Vol. 1. N.p. University P of Kansas, June.

MBA Admissions Essays - The Value of Dynamic Creativity :: MBA College Admissions Essays

MBA Admissions Essays - The Value of Dynamic creativity In my junior year of high school I be an assembly where potential class presidents outlined their positions and ideas for the future. I remember dozing finish up during the beginning(a) two speeches, which covered topics such as soda machines and trips to sextette Flags Great Adventure. The final individual that spoke did something different. He talked some students in our class. The thing he found special about everyone was that they each have character. Having had about seven years to reflect on that speech, I flat understand what he meant by character . A persons character tolerate mean different things to different people, but for me, it is qualities that make an individual unique. The first trait that gives someone character is dynamic creativity. In order to work up complex problems or to complete a difficult task, I aroma the ability to come up with fresh ideas is essential. A student who studies for exams and memorizes formulas readiness not be as well equipped to handle genuinely world problems as someone who is able to put his or her take knowledge to practical use. I believe that the importance of creativity to a fault extends to life choices that people make. In my eyes, someone who spends their summer volunteering at an archeological dig or in a homeless shelter, even though they could have been working for a salary, is making a creative choice. In that sense, I value people who are risk-takers, people who are ordain to do something without the guarantee of success. What is also important to me are people who glide path situations with an honest and positive attitude. Often, I talk to people who are applying to schools or jobs, and they sincerely want to get accepted or hired, but reservations about their qualifications or ability cloud their thinking. My experience has shown me that successful people do not only want success, but also expect it. other piece to the char acter puzzle is awareness, understanding, and open-mindedness of others. Some ms, it is difficult to understand why other person believes that way he or she believes, or does what he or she does. When someone does something another might deem illogical, taking into account the individuals spate and experiences might lead you to understand why the action occurred. I therefrom place a premium on people who take the time and effort to comprehend their fellow man.

Comparing Invisible Man and Brave New World Essay -- comparison compar

Comparing Invisible earthly concern and Brave youthful ground Both Ellisons The Invisible cosmos and Aldous Huxleys Brave New World be political in nature, and at this level, seem completely dissimilar. The Invisible humankind attempts to illuminate the social entrapment of scurrilous Ameri dopes, while Brave New World cautions against an over-reliance on technology and the amorality it can potentially inspire. At a deeper level, however, both books argon also near the status of the individual in society, and it is here that there is a unusual similarity between the two novels. In both The Invisible military man and Brave New World, we see men fighting against societies that devalue their individualism and thereby lessen their sense of identity and self worth. Ive always tried and true to create characters who were pretty forthright in stating what they felt society should be said Ellison in a 1963 interview (Graham and Singh, 85). This statement captures the underlyi ng newspaper of both novels that an ideal society is one that is founded upon the ability of individuals to assert themselves freely and without prejudice. Close examination of both works show that while they atomic number 18 wildly different in m whatever ways, at this one level, they are very much the same. In order to see this similarity in theme more clearly, we must first peel back the socio-economic class of political meaning, which isnt easy. As previously stated, these are both political novels on the surface, and sixty years of critical commentary that has focused specifically on this level has done little to make an alternative reading any easier conventional wisdom tells us that Invisible Man is a treatise on the state of Black America, and Brave New World is a exemplary tale of the misuse of techn... ...aid Ellison in an interview shortly before his death, is that they are individuals with individual vision (Graham and Singh, 391). It is upon the strengths of the se individuals that our entire society is built. And unlike John, the embattled rag of Brave New World, whose desperation I recognized even as a child peering into a coloring book, the individuals in Invisible Man still have the power to make themselves heard and continue the constant of gravitation cycle of applying their individual vision to the tapestry of society. Sources Cited Ellison, Ralph. Invisible Man. New York, New York Vintage Books, 1995. Huxley, Aldous. Brave New World and Brave New World Revisited. New York, New York Harper Collins Publishers. Amritjit Singh and Maryemma Graham. Conversations with Ralph Ellison. Jackson, Mississippi University Press of Mississippi.

Does God Exist? :: essays research papers fc

Does immortal outlive?St. doubting Thomas Aquinas has written several important works. Some of themare The gainsay Questions on the Power of God, Exposition of Dionysius on theDivine Names and contest Questions on Spiritual Creatures. Most of Aquinassworks admit been written to hand over to enkindle the inhabitence of God. Aquinas has beena firm believer that everything had to have a creator and the only possiblesolution would be something c onlyed God. It is with this brain that AquinassThird Way was written.In his De aeternitate mundi contra murmurantes, Aquinas insists thathuman reason cannot prove the impossibility of an eternally created universe.Once again Aquinas has written with the foregone conclusion that God has to exist in enunciateto have created the universe. There is no doubt in Aquinass mind thateverything was created for a reason and that reason was Gods will.In the text Medieval Philosophy, St. Thomas Aquinas article entitledDoes God Exist? , Aquinas trie s to show the disparate steps that can prove Goddoes exist and that the world had to have been created by God. This article iscomprised of five different ways in which Aquinas tries to prove that we can be certainly that God exists. In the third way, Aquinas tries to show that God existsif it is dead on target that we exist.In the article Aquinas says that it is possible for things to exist andfor them not to exist. He means that breathing things will one day become non- look things. Aquinas believes that all things can not be mortal because if itwere true, therefore at some point nothing would exist. What he means is if allthings were living things, meaning that they had to be mortal, then at some sequencethese things must also become non-existing.Aquinas says that if everything were mortal, then nothing could beexisting at present, because what is nonexistent begins to be only throughsomething which already exists. This can be translated to mean that if allmortal things have to lay off existing then there cant be anything which existstoday. Aquinas believes that it takes a living presence to help create otherlive things in order for them to live also. This means that there must havebeen something which existed through eternity to help create living things whichexist today.Aquinas believes that something had to have created life throughout timein order for things to be living today. He says this thing must have existedfrom the beginning and that it must still exist now. His belief is that living

Tractarian Objects Cannot Be Properties and Relations :: Philosophy Papers

Tractarian Objects Cannot Be Properties and Relations One of the most frequently discussed notions in Wittgensteins Tractatus is the notion of simple object. However, among the literature on Tractarian objects, recent or classic, none has treated configurations of objects as a major and non-trivial issue. In this paper, I show that a detailed study of configurations of objects will yield a series of interesting and important results it leads to a new understanding of the effigy theory, helps us calculate the maximum numbers of internal and external properties of objects, and enables us to reinterpret and reach a solution to the notorious argue on whether properties and relations should be included as Tractarian objects.In this paper I reinterpret and offer a solution to one of the most famed logical arguments in Wittgensteins early philosophy the contestation whether the Tractarian objects include properties and relations (hereinafter PRO for the thesis that properties and rela tions are Tractarian objects, PRO debate for the debate whether properties and relations are Tractarian objects, and PRO issue for the issue whether properties and relations are Tractarian objects).Since the very beginning, PRO debate has been equated with the debate whether objects include universals in many secondary literatures. However, it seems to me that these two debates are not exactly the very(prenominal) thing, for the following reasons PRO debate is in fact a debate concerning whether properties and relations are objects or modes of configurations of objects (hereinafter MCOs), insofar as object and MCO are two distinct and exhaustive types of components of states of affairs. Since the essential difference between objects and MCOs is that objects tidy sum be the subject takings of states of affairs while MCOs crowd outnot, PRO debate is essentially a debate concerning the logical status of properties and relations, i.e., whether properties and relations fag end be t he subject matter of states of affairs. However, the debate whether objects include universals is a debate concerning the metaphysical nature of objects, i.e., whether some objects can have multiple instances at the same time. The two debates are clearly not logically equivalent, for on the one hand, we can hold that properties and relations cannot be the subject matter of states of affairs, and up to now insist that the Tractarian objects be abstract entities, e.g., Platonic forms on the other, we can hold that properties and relations are also what states of affairs are about, and yet claim that they are nominalized properties and relations, and moreover, all of the Tractarian objects are particulars, e.